Articles publicats (Química, Física i Ciències Ambientals i del Sòl)
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- ItemOpen AccessAssessment of nitrogen and phosphorus losses due to erosion in compost-treated and non-treated vineyard soils: effect of rainfall intensity(Springer, 2024) Ramos Martín, Ma. C. (Ma. Concepción)Vineyards in Mediterranean areas suffer from significant soil degradation through erosion, due to rainfall and soil characteristics, as well as soil management practices. Previous studies pointed out the nutrient losses produced by erosion and the benefits that some management practices could have on reducing erosion. This research tried to evaluate the effect of events of different intensities and to assess whether the beneficial effect of compost amendment may pose a potential risk of nutrient loss and environmental pollution in particular under high-intensity events. The study compared soil and nutrient losses in compost-treated and non-treated vineyard soils after rainfall events of different intensities analyzed over 2 years in two vineyards. Runoff samples were collected by triplicate in treated and non-treated soils. Sediment and nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in the runoff samples were analyzed. The results reveal a reduction in runoff rates and an increase in soil water content in compost-treated soils, which represents a benefit for rainfed vineyards. Both nitrogen and phosphorus losses depended on rainfall characteristics. Although for low intensities there were no significant differences in the amount of nutrient lost by runoff in both treated and non-treated soils, nitrogen and phosphorus losses were higher after high-intensity rainfall events in compost-treated soils. With the expected increase in high-intensity rainfall events associated with climate change in the Mediterranean region, organic amendments should be applied in several splits or incorporated into the soil to avoid increased nutrient loss to water bodies.
- ItemOpen AccessAdvances in Nanostructured Metallic Materials—A Pathway to Future Innovations(MDPI, 2024) Wojnicki, Marek; Escribà i Gelonch, Marc; Hessel, VolkerThe development of civilization has always been deeply intertwined with advancements in metallurgy [1]. Metals have played a critical role in shaping our world, from the tools of the earliest civilizations to the sophisticated materials that drive today’s industries [2]. However, as our technological needs evolve, traditional pure metals and simple alloys are no longer sufficient to meet the growing demands of modern applications [3]. This has led to a relentless pursuit of materials with enhanced properties, culminating in groundbreaking developments in nanostructured metallic materials [3]. These materials offer unprecedented opportunities due to their unique characteristics at the nanoscale which enable innovations that were previously unimaginable.
- ItemOpen AccessStatus of the World's Soils(Annual Reviews, 2024) Smith, Pete; Poch, Rosa M.; Lobb, David A.; Bhattacharyya, Ranjan; Alloush, Ghiath; Eudoxie, Gaius D.; Anjos, Lucia H. C. dos; Castellano,, Michael; Ndzana, Georges M.; Chenu, Claire; Naidu, Ravi; Vijayanathan, Jeyanny; Muscolo, Adele M.; Studdert, Guillermo Alberto; Rodríguez Eugenio, Natalia; Calzolari, Constanza; Amuri, Nyambilila; Hallett, PaulHealthy soils contribute to a wide range of ecosystem services and virtually all of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, but most of the world's soil resources are in only fair, poor, or very poor condition, and conditions are getting worse in more cases than they are improving. A total of 33% of all soils are moderately to highly degraded as a result of erosion, loss of organic matter, poor nutrient balance, salinization and alkalinization, contamination, acidification, loss of biodiversity, sealing, compaction, and poor water status. Best management practices are available to limit or mitigate threats to soil health, and many of them mitigate multiple soil threats. In many regions of the world, policies or initiatives to protect or enhance the status of soils are in place, and they need to be strengthened and enforced. The Food and Agriculture Organisation will publish its second comprehensive assessment of the status of the world's soils in 2025, and this review provides an interim update on world soil status and offers an accessible overview of the topic.
- ItemOpen AccessPhysico-Chemical Composition and Influence of Some Heat Treatments on Fish(Sciendo, 2024) Mastan, Oana Andreea; Damian, Aurel; Coroian, Aurelia; Longodor, Adina; Maris, Stefania; Mesaros, DianaFish is a food that has a complex chemical composition with high nutritional value and that is given by the content of protein, lipids, mineral salts and vitamins. It is a very perishable product and failure to comply with food safety conditions can lead to risks to the health of the consumer. The use of heat treatments leads to the formation of compounds that can become toxic to the body. The heat treatments used were boiling, roasting and baking in the oven. These processes bring improvements to the sensory characteristics of the fish. Following the interpretation of the data we can state that roasting is the preferred method of most participants in the tasting of products. The physico-chemical composition and the influence of some heat treatments on the sensory characteristics of the fish were determined.
- ItemOpen AccessSupply Chain Sustainability in Outer Space: Lessons to Be Learnt from Remote Sites on Earth(MDPI, 2024-09) Varon Hoyos, Manuel; Volker, Hessel; Salas, Eduardo; Culton, John; Robertson, Karen; Laybourn, Andrea; Escribà i Gelonch, MarcSpace exploration, with its enormous distances and extreme environments, is a challenge to technology, human habitation, sustainability, and supply chains. On the flip-side, however, it can provide a new vantage point on how to improve human life and planetary prosperity. This objective requires the development of economic and sustainable supply chains and a governance framework to guarantee fundamental human needs and well-being under the limitations of distant and inhospitable environments. This review describes learnings for human habitation in space from remote communities on Earth that have developed and survived over generations. These include a long history of human survival strategies on Tristan da Cunha, Pitcairn Islands, Nauru, and Easter Island. Their supply chain management solutions and their problems can guide the implementation of logistics systems for the efficient use of resources in space, to satisfy vital needs of human survival but also to ensure social and governance in space, e.g., build-up of thriving communities, mobility, and industrial activities. This review demonstrates that there are significant gaps in recent space supply chain studies with respect to the space environment, social and governance. Analysis of established practices and concepts from remote regions on Earth can readily respond to these deficiencies and thus supplement space exploration. This review recommends extending the assessment of supply-chain assets from the near future to long-term strategic. This implies going far beyond current space supply chain reports to include aspects of social responsibility and governance, such as sustainable health systems, product quality management, and local decision-making.