Understanding whether the occurrences of ectomycorrhizal species in a given tree host arephylogenetically determined can help in assessing different conservational needs for each fungalspecies. In this study, we characterized ectomycorrhizal phylogenetic composition and phylogeneticstructure in 42 plots with five different Mediterranean pine forests: i.e., pure forests dominated byP.nigra,P. halepensis, andP. sylvestris, and mixed forests ofP. nigra-P. halepensisandP. nigra-P. sylvestris,and tested whether the phylogenetic structure of ectomycorrhizal communities differs among these.We found that ectomycorrhizal communities were not different among pine tree hosts neither inphylogenetic composition nor in structure and phylogenetic diversity. Moreover, we detected a weakabiotic filtering effect (4%), with pH being the only significant variable influencing the phylogeneticectomycorrhizal community, while the phylogenetic structure was slightly influenced by the sharedeffect of stand structure, soil, and geographic distance. However, the phylogenetic communitysimilarity increased at lower pH values, supporting that fewer, closely related species were found atlower pH values. Also, no phylogenetic signal was detected among exploration types, although shortand contact were the most abundant types in these forest ecosystems. Our results demonstrate thatpH but not tree host, acts as a strong abiotic filter on ectomycorrhizal phylogenetic communities inMediterranean pine forests at a local scale. Finally, our study shed light on dominant ectomycorrhizalforaging strategies in drought-prone ecosystems such as Mediterranean forests.