Articles publicats (Tecnologia, Enginyeria i Ciència dels Aliments)

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    Open Access
    Ultrasonication and enzymatic treatment of apple and orange bagasses: Molecular characterization of released oligosaccharides and modification of techno-functional and health-related properties
    (Elsevier, 2024) Manthei, Alina; Elez Martínez, Pedro; Soliva-Fortuny, Robert; Murciano-Martínez, Patricia
    Apple and orange bagasse were subjected to ultrasonication (US) and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) with a cellulase-pectinase mixture. US did not affect oligosaccharide profile and water and oil holding capacities (WHC/OHC) in both substrates but enhanced bile acid adsorption capacity (BAC) and total phenolic content (TPC) in orange bagasse. EH increased glucose/xylose and xylobiose (XOS-2) contents and caused the release of cellobiose (COS-2) and pectin derived oligosaccharides (POS), mainly methylated oligogalacturonides with degree of polymerization (DP) 3–4. Hydrolyzed orange bagasse exhibited higher total POS content (31.56 g/100 g bagasse) than apple bagasse (21.13 g/100 g bagasse), but apple bagasse showed higher diversity in methylated and acetylated POS. After combined treatment, POS quantities in apple bagasse were enhanced whereas in orange bagasse COS-2 and POS-2 formation significantly increased, making physical opening before enzymatic degradation an effective strategy for maximizing oligosaccharide concentrations. EH decreased techno-functional properties and TPC but led to a 24.9 % increase of BAC in apple bagasse and a 7.8 % increase in orange bagasse, highlighting that the efficacy of US and EH depends on the applied DF substrate. This study offers guidance for selecting modification technologies for fruit by-products to obtain ingredients with elevated oligosaccharide content, improved techno-functional and health-related properties.
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    Open Access
    Assessing human exposure to pesticides and mycotoxins: optimization and validation of a method for multianalyte determination in urine samples
    (Springer Science and Business Media, 2024) Marín-Sáez, Jesús; Hernández-Mesa, Maykel; Ramos Girona, Antonio J.; Gámiz-Gracia, Laura; García-Campaña, Ana M.
    Humans are exposed to an increasing number of contaminants, with diet being one of the most important exposure routes. In this framework, human biomonitoring is considered the gold standard for evaluating human exposure to chemicals. Pesticides and mycotoxins are chemicals of special concern due to their health implications. They constitute the predominant border rejection notifications for food and feed in Europe and the USA. However, current biomonitoring studies are focused on a limited number of compounds and do not evaluate mycotoxins and pesticides together. In this study, an analytical method has been developed for the determination of 30 pesticides and 23 mycotoxins of concern in urine samples. A salting-out liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) procedure was optimized achieving recoveries between 70 and 120% for almost all the compounds and limits as lower as when QuEChERS was applied. The compounds were then determined by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Different chromatographic conditions and analytical columns were tested, selecting a Hypersild gold aQ column as the best option. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of 45 urine samples, in which organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides (detection rates (DR) of 82% and 42%, respectively) and ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol (DR of 51% and 33%, respectively) were the most detected compounds. The proposed analytical method involves the simultaneous determination of a diverse set of pesticides and mycotoxins, including their most relevant metabolites, in human urine. It serves as an essential tool for biomonitoring the presence of highly prevalent contaminants in modern society. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.)
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    Open Access
    Study of the microstructure-property-processing relationship in five potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties during the frying process based on an automatic classification system using convolutional neural networks
    (Odesa National University of Technology, 2023-12) Oblitas Cruz, Jimy Frank; Castro, Wilson; Torres-Carranza, Eduardo; Ibarz Ribas, Alberto
    Our objective was to identify and analyze the microstructural features of five different Peruvian potato varieties in fresh material and a frying process, using a 32-factorial arrangement of temperature and time. Two types of characteristics were measured. The first ones were of microstructural type (i.e., area, perimeter, length of major axis, length of minor axis, roundness, elongation, and compactness) and the second ones were of physicochemical type (i.e., L*, a*, b*, ΔE, acrylamide concentration, fat percentage, moisture percentage, and texture). For this purpose, potato microstructural characterization software was implemented, developing algorithms for image processing and analysis, as well as the classification of structural characteristics. Potato variety was found to exert a significant effect on the microstructural parameters of area, perimeter, major axis length, minor axis length, roundness, and compactness, followed by time, with a significant effect on the microstructural parameters of area, perimeter, major axis length, minor axis length, and compactness. Temperature exerts a significant effect only on roundness and elongation parameters. To observe the relationship between the microstructural and physicochemical parameters, a Pearson correlation was used where it was observed that the correlations between the physicochemical and microstructural variables evaluated were medium to strong.
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    Open Access
    Tailoring the techno-functional properties of fava bean protein isolate: A comparative evaluation of ultrasonication and pulsed electric field treatments
    (MDPI, 2024) Gulzar, Saqib; Martín Belloso, Olga; Soliva-Fortuny, Robert
    The fava bean protein isolate (FBPI) holds promise as a sustainable plant-based protein ingredient. However, native FBPIs exhibit limited functionality, including unsuitable emulsifying activities and a low solubility at a neutral pH, restricting their applications. This study is focused on the effect of ultrasonication (US) and pulsed electric fields (PEF) on modulating the techno-functional properties of FBPIs. Native FBPIs were treated with US at amplitudes of 60–90% for 30 min in 0.5 s on-and-off cycles and with PEF at an electric field intensity of 1.5 kV/cm with 1000–4000 pulses of 20 μs pulse widths. US caused a reduction in the size and charge of the FBPIs more prominently than the PEF. Protein characterization by means of SDS-PAGE illustrated that US and PEF caused severe-to-moderate changes in the molecular weight of the FBPIs. In addition, a spectroscopic analysis using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and circular dichroism (CD) revealed that US and the PEF induced conformational changes through partial unfolding and secondary structure remodeling from an α-helix to a β-sheet. Crystallographic and calorimetric determinations indicated decreased crystallinity and lowered thermal transition temperatures of the US- and PEF-modified FBPIs. Overall, non-thermal processing provided an effective strategy for upgrading FBPIs’ functionality, with implications for developing competitive plant-based protein alternatives.
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    Open Access
    Sustainable ultrasound-assisted extraction and encapsulation of phenolic compounds from sacha inchi shell for future application
    (MDPI, 2024) Kumari Mehta, Shilka; Jafari, Saeid; Ahmad Shiekh, Khursheed; Gulzar, Saqib; Assatarakul, Kitipong
    Sacha inchi shell (SIS), an underutilized by-product of sacha inchi oil processing, is a rich source of phenolic compounds. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design to investigate the effects of time (15–25 min), temperature (25–45 °C), and ethanol concentration (40–80%) on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity by DPPH assay of the obtained extracts. The maximum TPC was at 15 min, 45 °C and 60%, TFC at 25 min, 45 °C and 60% and DPPH at 15 min, 35 °C and 80%. The optimized condition selected for encapsulation purposes was at 25 min, 35 °C and 80% ethanol concentration. RSM analysis showed that all models analyzed for all three assays were significant at 95% confidence. The SIS extract had a greater inhibitory zone against Escherichia coli measuring 15.34 mm at a concentration of 30 µg/mL than Staphylococcus aureus among the samples. The spray-dried microcapsules using different combinations of gum arabic and maltodextrin (GMM 1 and GMM2) resulted in a proper encapsulation layer and a smoother surface and shape obtained at 1000× magnification. Also, GMM 1 and GMM2 had particle sizes ranging from 2.95 ± 0.02 to 27.73 ± 0.38 and from 5.20 ± 0.01 to 29.30 ± 0.42 µm, respectively. The microcapsules were in the acceptable ranges for moisture content (<5%) and water activity (<0.6). It has been concluded that SIS extract showed high antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and its encapsulation could be further used in food and nutraceutical formulations.