Articles publicats (Ciència i Enginyeria Forestal i Agrícola)
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- ItemOpen AccessXylem pit anatomy and minimum leaf conductance drive drought mortality in Pinus pinaster(John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2026) Camarero, J. Julio; Colangelo, Michele; Valeriano, Cristina; Gazol, Antonio; González de Andrés, Ester; Alonso-Forn, David; Voltas Velasco, Jordi; Torres-Ruiz, José M.; Delzon, Sylvain; Badel, Eric; Gil-Pelegrín, EustaquioDrought‐triggered forest die‐off events are commonly attributed to hydraulic failure, carbon starvation, or a combination of thetwo. Nevertheless, the anatomical and physiological traits that make trees vulnerable to drought in the field are often unknown,hindering predictive efforts. To identify these traits, we compared coexisting declining (D, heavily defoliated) and non‐declining(ND, lightly defoliated) trees. We studied a recent die‐off event affecting maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) in north‐eastern Spainthat started after the severe 2017 drought. We compared the depth of soil water uptake, estimated using δ18 O and δ2H in soil andxylem water samples, as well as field measurements. We also measured anatomical and physiological wood and leaf variables,paying particular attention to pit anatomy and minimum leaf conductance (gmin). The D trees were smaller in terms of diameterand height, and exhibited lower growth rates. They also formed tracheids with smaller lumen diameters and thinner cell wallsthan the ND trees. The measured soil depth was greater for ND than for D trees. Isotope data also indicated that ND trees usedwater from deeper soil layers than D trees during the late summer period of peak drought severity. No differences in thesapwood concentrations of non‐structural carbohydrates were found between the two tree types. The D trees had lower middaywater potentials than ND trees, and the pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductance (P 50 ) and g min were higher in Dtrees. The D trees also exhibited lower torus overlap, margo flexibility and valve effect than ND trees. However, these differencesin pit anatomy were observed in the 2010s when ND trees exhibited higher δ13C‐derived intrinsic water‐use efficiency. Acombination of traits, such as a large pit aperture and a high gmin makes trees vulnerable to drought stress.
- ItemOpen AccessProtected areas influence fire regimes globally(Elsevier, 2026) Cardil Forradellas, Adrián; Rodrigues, M.; Ascoli, D.; Ortega, M.; Quiñones, T.; Erdozain, M.; Oliveras Menor, I.; Spadoni, G.L.; Ramírez, J.; Molina, J.R.; Mouillot, F.; Silva, C.A.; Mohan, M.; Martínez-Bentué, C.; Miguel Magaña, Sergio deProtected areas (PAs) aim to support global conservation efforts including the maintenance of fire regimes and mitigation of negative fire impacts. Analyzing data from over 20 million fires worldwide, we found that PAs, along with the various protection levels defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), significantly influenced burned area (BA) and fire regime attributes across continents and biomes in distinct ways, with varying impacts on fire size, spread, intensity, and duration. In most biomes, the proportion of BA within PAs was smaller than the proportion of PA itself, indicating that PAs were generally less impacted by wildfires. However, in tropical grasslands, tropical dry broadleaf forests and temperate conifer forests, the BA fraction inside PAs was larger. The strictest IUCN protection categories (Ia and Ib) were associated with the lowest BA, compared to National Parks (IUCN II) and other less restrictive protection categories. However, this pattern varied by biome, with mediterranean forests, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, temperate grasslands and tropical coniferous forests showing increased fire proneness in the strictest IUCN categories and more intense fires. Insights from this research can guide targeted environmental policies to strengthen PA networks to maintain fire regimes.
- ItemOpen AccessCorrection: Boosting the phytochemical yield and antioxidant activity of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz sprouts by application of moderate salinity to the germination substrate(Springer Nature, 2026) Falcinelli, Beatrice; Bravi, Elisabetta; Mallia, Giorgia; Marconi, Ombretta; Royo-Esnal, Aritz; Benincasa, Paolo
- ItemOpen AccessBoosting the phytochemical yield and antioxidant activity of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz sprouts by application of moderate salinity to the germination substrate(Springer Nature, 2025) Falcinelli, Beatrice; Bravi, Elisabetta; Mallia, Giorgia; Marconi, Ombretta; Royo-Esnal, Aritz; Benincasa, PaoloThis work aimed to test the elicitation effect of salinity on the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of camelina sprouts. Five camelina cultivars (ALBA, CO46, CCE43, JOELLE, VERA) were sprouted with NaCl solutions 0, 25, 50, and 100 mM, in a randomized blocks design with four replicates. First, total germination, mean germination time, and individual sprout growth parameters were measured. Then, the concentrations of free, bound, and total phenolic compounds (PCs), phenolic acids (PAs), and glucosinolates (GLSs) of sprouts extracts, and their antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) were analyzed. Four cultivars obtained the highest PCs, PAs, and GLSs concentrations, and the highest antioxidant activity when sprouted under moderate salinity (i.e., 25 or 50 mM NaCl). Since these salinity levels did not affect seed germination and sprout growth, there was an actual gain in phytochemical yield (i.e., the product between biomass accumulation and its phytochemical concentration) and antioxidant activity.
- ItemOpen AccessPhysiological bases of wheat grain weight response to heat waves: Post-anthesis sensitivity and responses to source-sink manipulations in contrasting cultivars(Elsevier, 2026) Kim, Jinwook; Bicego, Breno; Savin, Roxana; Slafer, Gustavo A.The companion paper reported that two contemporary cultivars differed constitutively in their average grain weight (AGW) and in their sensitivity to heat waves (HW). It is relevant to elucidate whether the effects of HW are direct on the capacity of the grains to grow or indirect through penalizing post-anthesis (AN) growth and consequently restricting the availability of assimilates for the growing grains. Testing HW with changes in source-strength could help further understanding the causes of the sensitivity of AGW to a HW. This may help to identify strategies in crop management and traits to target in breeding. Objectives: To quantify the effects and analyse the causes of post-AN HW on AGW on two contrasting cultivars, considering a double treatment at both stages (pre- + post-AN HW) and whether an increase in source strength through removing alternate rows in the plots by thinning modify the yield penalties. Also, source strength per grain during the effective period of grain filling was either decreased (through a defoliation) or increased (through de-graining) in combination with each of the other treatments. Methods: Experiments were carried out in two locations, Lleida and Bell-lloc (NE, Spain). Main treatments consisted in the factorial combination of two contrasting genotypes (Pistolo of high AGW and Sublim of high GN), and three HW that were imposed in the field using installing tents with transparent polyethylene films either at booting (pre-AN HW) or 15 days after anthesis (post-AN HW). An additional HW (combination of pre- and post-AN HW) was imposed in one location while thinning treatment at the onset of stem elongation in the other. Results: Across both locations, AGW was consistently higher in Pistolo compared to Sublim. Moreover, the entire distribution of individual grain sizes was higher in Pistolo, with both the lightest (bottom decile) and heaviest (top decile) grains significantly heavier in Pistolo. The main reason for the higher AGW of Pistolo was its higher rate of grain growth, as the duration was similar between both genotypes and also higher potential weight. Post-AN HW, reduced AGW, being Pistolo more sensitive than Sublim. The double HW treatment revealed that exposure to a post-AN HW was markedly less detrimental when preceded by a pre-AN HW. This suggests a non-additive effect on AGW, with prior HW exposure inducing a priming response that mitigated the impact of subsequent stress through antagonistic interactions between the two events. Varying source-sink ratios under heated conditions did not change the weight of the grains noticeably suggesting that direct effects of post-AN HW on the capacity of the grains to grow dominated those mediated by assimilate availability during grain filling. Conclusions: The GN–AGW trade-off was not due to limited resources or more small grains. Post-AN HW reduced AGW, but this was lessened in thinned plots, suggesting reduced source strength. HW likely affected AGW via direct (growth capacity) and indirect (assimilate supply) mechanisms. De-graining partially reversed HW effects. Interestingly, combined pre- and post-AN HWs reduced AGW less than post-AN HW alone, suggesting a possible priming effect. Further field studies are needed as multiple heat events may become more common with climate change. Implication: As the HW effects include a direct effect component, breeding programs needs to target traits related to grain growth resilience through profiting on genotypic variation in sensitivity of the capacity of the grains to grow; and agronomic practices should consider strategies relate to escaping HWs.